SIC CODES

List of Economic Activities by word: manufacturing

If you are searching for an Economic Activity corresponding to "manufacturing" here you have a list of SIC items for this word

Economic Activities for manufacturing

There are 26 Economic Activities in all levels that containg the word "MANUFACTURING" in their name or detailed description. Have you that what you are searching for?

  • Class 0220
    Logging
    This class includes:
    ~ production of roundwood for forest-based MANUFACTURING industries
    ~ production of roundwood used in an unprocessed form such as pit-props, fence posts and utility poles
    ~ gathering and production of fire wood
    ~ production of charcoal in the forest (using traditional methods)

    The output of this activity can take the form of logs, chips or fire wood.

  • Class 2512
    Manufacture of tanks, reservoirs and containers of metal
    This class includes:
    ~ manufacture of reservoirs, tanks and similar containers of metal, of types normally installed as fixtures for storage or MANUFACTURING use
    ~ manufacture of metal containers for compressed or liquefied gas
    ~ manufacture of central heating boilers and radiators

  • Class 2420
    Manufacture of basic precious and other non-ferrous metals
    This class includes:
    ~ production of basic precious metals:
    ~ production and refining of unwrought or wrought precious metals: gold, silver, platinum etc. from ore and scrap
    ~ production of precious metal alloys
    ~ production of precious metal semi-products
    ~ production of silver rolled onto base metals
    ~ production of gold rolled onto base metals or silver
    ~ production of platinum and platinum group metals rolled onto gold, silver or base metals
    ~ production of aluminium from alumina
    ~ production of aluminium from electrolytic refining of aluminium waste and scrap
    ~ production of aluminium alloys
    ~ semi MANUFACTURING,of aluminium
    ~ production of lead, zinc and tin from ores
    ~ production of lead, zinc and tin from electrolytic refining of lead, zinc and tin waste and scrap
    ~ production of lead, zinc and tin alloys
    ~ semi MANUFACTURING,of lead, zinc and tin
    ~ production of copper from ores
    ~ production of copper from electrolytic refining of copper waste and scrap
    ~ production of copper alloys
    ~ manufacture of fuse wire or strip
    ~ semi MANUFACTURING,of copper
    ~ production of chrome, manganese, nickel etc. from ores or oxides
    ~ production of chrome, manganese, nickel etc. from electrolytic and aluminothermic refining of chrome, manganese, nickel etc., waste and scrap
    ~ production of alloys of chrome, manganese, nickel etc.
    ~ semi MANUFACTURING,of chrome, manganese, nickel etc.
    ~ production of mattes of nickel
    ~ production of uranium metal from pitchblende or other ores
    ~ smelting and refining of uranium

    This class also includes:
    ~ manufacture of wire of these metals by drawing
    ~ production of aluminium oxide (alumina)
    ~ production of aluminium wrapping foil
    ~ manufacture of aluminium (tin) foil laminates made from aluminum (tin) foil as primary component
    ~ manufacture of precious metal foil laminates

  • Class 2829
    Manufacture of other special-purpose machinery
    This class includes the manufacture of special-purpose machinery not elsewhere classified.

    This class includes:
    ~ manufacture of machinery for making paper pulp
    ~ manufacture of paper and paperboard making machinery
    ~ manufacture of dryers for wood, paper pulp, paper or paperboard
    ~ manufacture of machinery producing articles of paper or paperboard
    ~ manufacture of machinery for working soft rubber or plastics or for the manufacture of products of these materials:
    ~ extruders, moulders, pneumatic tyre making or retreading machines and other machines for making a specific rubber or plastic product
    ~ manufacture of printing and bookbinding machines and machines for activities supporting printing on a variety of materials
    ~ manufacture of machinery for producing tiles, bricks, shaped ceramic pastes, pipes, graphite electrodes, blackboard chalk, foundry moulds etc.
    ~ manufacture of semi-conductor MANUFACTURING machinery
    ~ manufacture of industrial robots performing multiple tasks for special purposes
    ~ manufacture of diverse special-purpose machinery and equipment:
    ~ machines to assemble electric or electronic lamps, tubes (valves) or bulbs
    ~ machines for production or hot-working of glass or glassware, glass fibre or yarn
    ~ machinery or apparatus for isotopic separation
    ~ manufacture of tire alignment and balancing equipment; balancing equipment (except wheel balancing)
    ~ manufacture of central greasing systems
    ~ manufacture of aircraft launching gear, aircraft carrier catapults and related equipment
    ~ manufacture of automatic bowling alley equipment (e.g. pin-setters)
    ~ manufacture of roundabouts, swings, shooting galleries and other fairground amusements


  • Class 3290
    Other MANUFACTURING n.e.c.
    This class includes:
    ~ manufacture of protective safety equipment
    ~ manufacture of fire-resistant and protective safety clothing
    ~ manufacture of linemen's safety belts and other belts for occupational use
    ~ manufacture of cork life preservers
    ~ manufacture of plastics hard hats and other personal safety equipment of plastics (e.g. athletic helmets)
    ~ manufacture of fire-fighting protection suits
    ~ manufacture of metal safety headgear and other metal personal safety devices
    ~ manufacture of ear and noise plugs (e.g. for swimming and noise protection)
    ~ manufacture of gas masks
    ~ manufacture of brooms and brushes, including brushes constituting parts of machines, hand-operated mechanical floor sweepers, mops and feather dusters, paint brushes, paint pads and rollers, squeegees and other brushes, brooms, mops etc.
    ~ manufacture of shoe and clothes brushes
    ~ manufacture of pens and pencils of all kinds whether or not mechanical
    ~ manufacture of pencil leads
    ~ manufacture of date, sealing or numbering stamps, hand-operated devices for printing, or embossing labels, hand printing sets, prepared typewriter ribbons and inked pads
    ~ manufacture of globes
    ~ manufacture of umbrellas, sun-umbrellas, walking sticks, seat-sticks
    ~ manufacture of buttons, press-fasteners, snap-fasteners, press-studs, slide fasteners
    ~ manufacture of cigarette lighters
    ~ manufacture of articles of personal use: smoking pipes, scent sprays, vacuum flasks and other vacuum vessels for personal or household use, wigs, false beards, eyebrows
    ~ manufacture of miscellaneous articles: candles, tapers and the like; bouquets, wreaths and floral baskets; artificial flowers, fruit and foliage; jokes and novelties; hand sieves and hand riddles; tailors' dummies; burial caskets etc.
    ~ taxidermy activities

  • Class 4520
    Maintenance and repair of motor vehicles
    This class includes:
    ~ maintenance and repair of motor vehicles:
    ~ mechanical repairs
    ~ electrical repairs
    ~ electronic injection systems repair
    ~ ordinary servicing
    ~ bodywork repair
    ~ repair of motor vehicle parts
    ~ washing, polishing, etc.
    ~ spraying and painting
    ~ repair of screens and windows
    ~ repair of motor vehicle seats
    ~ tyre and tube repair, fitting or replacement
    ~ anti-rust treatment
    ~ installation of parts and accessories not as part of the MANUFACTURING process

  • Group 329
    Other MANUFACTURING n.e.c.
    See class 3290.
  • Group 282
    Manufacture of special-purpose machinery
    This group includes the manufacture of special-purpose machinery, i.e. machinery for exclusive use in an ISIC industry or a small cluster of ISIC industries. While most of these are used in other MANUFACTURING processes, such as food MANUFACTURING or textile MANUFACTURING, this group also includes the manufacture of machinery specific for other (non MANUFACTURING,industries), such as aircraft launching gear or amusement park equipment.
  • Group 331
    Repair of fabricated metal products, machinery and equipment
    This group includes the specialized repair of goods produced in the MANUFACTURING sector with the aim to restore these metal products, machinery, equipment and other products to working order. The provision of general or routine maintenance (i.e. servicing) on such products to ensure they work efficiently and to prevent breakdown and unnecessary repairs is included.
  • Division 02
    Forestry and logging
    This division includes the production of roundwood for the forest-based MANUFACTURING industries (ISIC divisions 16 and 17) as well as the extraction and gathering of wild growing non-wood forest products. Besides the production of timber, forestry activities result in products that undergo little processing, such as fire wood, charcoal, wood chips and roundwood used in an unprocessed form (e.g. pit-props, pulpwood etc.). These activities can be carried out in natural or planted forests.

  • Division 22
    Manufacture of rubber and plastics products
    This division includes the manufacture of rubber and plastics products.
    This division is characterized by the raw materials used in the MANUFACTURING process. However, this does not imply that the manufacture of all products made of these materials is classified here.

  • Division 30
    Manufacture of other transport equipment
    This division includes the manufacture of transportation equipment such as ship building and boat MANUFACTURING, the manufacture of railroad rolling stock and locomotives, air and spacecraft and the manufacture of parts thereof.
  • Division 32
    Other manufacturing
    This division includes the manufacture of a variety of goods not covered in other parts of the classification. Since this is a residual division, production processes, input materials and use of the produced goods can vary widely and usual criteria for grouping classes into divisions have not been applied here.
  • Division 07
    Mining of metal ores
    This division includes mining for metallic minerals (ores), performed through underground or open-cast extraction, seabed mining etc. Also included are ore dressing and beneficiating operations, such as crushing, grinding, washing, drying, sintering, calcining or leaching ore, gravity separation or flotation operations.

    This division excludes MANUFACTURING activities such as the roasting of iron pyrites (see class 2011), the production of aluminium oxide (see class 2420) and the operation of blast furnaces (see classes 2410 and 2420).

  • Division 10
    Manufacture of food products
    This division includes the processing of the products of agriculture, forestry and fishing into food for humans or animals, and includes the production of various intermediate products that are not directly food products. The activity often generates associated products of greater or lesser value (for example, hides from slaughtering, or oilcake from oil production).
    This division is organized by activities dealing with different kinds of products: meat, fish, fruit and vegetables, fats and oils, milk products, grain mill products, animal feeds and other food products. Production can be carried out for own account, as well as for third parties, as in custom slaughtering.
    Some activities are considered MANUFACTURING (for example, those performed in bakeries, pastry shops, and prepared meat shops etc. which sell their own production) even though there is retail sale of the products in the producers' own shop. However, where the processing is minimal and does not lead to a real transformation, the unit is classified to Wholesale and retail trade (section G).

    Production of animal feeds from slaughter waste or by-products is classified in 1080, while processing food and beverage waste into secondary raw material is classified to 3830, and disposal of food and beverage waste in 3821.

  • Division 23
    Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products
    This division includes MANUFACTURING activities related to a single substance of mineral origin. This division includes the manufacture of glass and glass products (e.g. flat glass, hollow glass, fibres, technical glassware etc.), ceramic products, tiles and baked clay products, and cement and plaster, from raw materials to finished articles. The manufacture of shaped and finished stone and other mineral products is also included in this division.
  • Division 28
    Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.
    This division includes the manufacture of machinery and equipment that act independently on materials either mechanically or thermally or perform operations on materials (such as handling, spraying, weighing or packing), including their mechanical components that produce and apply force, and any specially manufactured primary parts. This includes the manufacture of fixed and mobile or hand-held devices, regardless of whether they are designed for industrial, building and civil engineering, agricultural or home use. The manufacture of special equipment for passenger or freight transport within demarcated premises also belongs within this division.
    This division distinguishes between the manufacture of special-purpose machinery, i.e. machinery for exclusive use in an ISIC industry or a small cluster of ISIC industries, and general-purpose machinery, i.e. machinery that is being used in a wide range of ISIC industries.
    This division also includes the manufacture of other special-purpose machinery, not covered elsewhere in the classification, whether or not used in a MANUFACTURING process, such as fairground amusement equipment, automatic bowling alley equipment, etc.

    This division excludes the manufacture of metal products for general use (division 25), associated control devices, computer equipment, measurement and testing equipment, electricity distribution and control apparatus (divisions 26 and 27) and general-purpose motor vehicles (divisions 29 and 30).

  • Division 31
    Manufacture of furniture
    This division includes the manufacture of furniture and related products of any material except stone, concrete and ceramic. The processes used in the manufacture of furniture are standard methods of forming materials and assembling components, including cutting, moulding and laminating. The design of the article, for both aesthetic and functional qualities, is an important aspect of the production process.

    Some of the processes used in furniture MANUFACTURING are similar to processes that are used in other segments of MANUFACTURING. For example, cutting and assembly occurs in the production of wood trusses that are classified in division 16 (Manufacture of wood and wood products). However, the multiple processes distinguish wood furniture MANUFACTURING from wood product MANUFACTURING. Similarly, metal furniture MANUFACTURING uses techniques that are also employed in the MANUFACTURING of roll-formed products classified in division 25 (Manufacture of fabricated metal products). The molding process for plastics furniture is similar to the molding of other plastics products. However, the manufacture of plastics furniture tends to be a specialized activity.


  • Division 33
    Repair and installation of machinery and equipment
    This division includes the specialized repair of goods produced in the MANUFACTURING sector with the aim to restore machinery, equipment and other products to working order. The provision of general or routine maintenance (i.e. servicing) on such products to ensure they work efficiently and to prevent breakdown and unnecessary repairs is included.

    This division does only include specialized repair and maintenance activities. A substantial amount of repair is also done by manufacturers of machinery, equipment and other goods, in which case the classification of units engaged in these repair and MANUFACTURING activities is done according to the value-added principle which would often assign these combined activities to the manufacture of the good. The same principle is applied for combined trade and repair.

    The rebuilding or remanufacturing of machinery and equipment is considered a MANUFACTURING activity and included in other divisions of this section.

    Repair and maintenance of goods that are utilized as capital goods as well as consumer goods is typically classified as repair and maintenance of household goods (e.g. office and household furniture repair, see 9524).

    Also included in this division is the specialized installation of machinery. However, the installation of equipment that forms an integral part of buildings or similar structures, such as installation of electrical wiring, installation of escalators or installation of air-conditioning systems, is classified as construction.

    This division excludes the cleaning of industrial machinery (see class 8129) and the repair and maintenance of computers, communications equipment and household goods (see division 95).

  • Division 46
    Wholesale trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles
    This division includes wholesale trade on own account or on a fee or contract basis (commission trade) related to domestic wholesale trade as well as international wholesale trade (import/export).

    Wholesale is the resale (sale without transformation) of new and used goods to retailers, business-to-business trade, such as to industrial, commercial, institutional or professional users, or resale to other wholesalers, or involves acting as an agent or broker in buying goods for, or selling goods to, such persons or companies. The principal types of businesses included are merchant wholesalers, i.e. wholesalers who take title to the goods they sell, such as wholesale merchants or jobbers, industrial distributors, exporters, importers, and cooperative buying associations, sales branches and sales offices (but not retail stores) that are maintained by MANUFACTURING or mining units apart from their plants or mines for the purpose of marketing their products and that do not merely take orders to be filled by direct shipments from the plants or mines. Also included are merchandise brokers, commission merchants and agents and assemblers, buyers and cooperative associations engaged in the marketing of farm products.

    Wholesalers frequently physically assemble, sort and grade goods in large lots, break bulk, repack and redistribute in smaller lots, for example pharmaceuticals; store, refrigerate, deliver and install goods, engage in sales promotion for their customers and label design.

    This division excludes the wholesale of motor vehicles, caravans and motorcycles, as well as motor vehicle accessories (see division 45), the renting and leasing of goods (see division 77) and the packing of solid goods and bottling of liquid or gaseous goods, including blending and filtering, for third parties (see class 8292).

  • Division 47
    Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles
    This division includes the resale (sale without transformation) of new and used goods mainly to the general public for personal or household consumption or utilization, by shops, department stores, stalls, mail-order houses, hawkers and peddlers, consumer cooperatives etc.

    Retail trade is classified first by type of sale outlet (retail trade in stores: groups 471 to 477; retail trade not in stores: groups 478 and 479). Retail trade in stores includes the retail sale of used goods (class 4774). For retail sale in stores, there exists a further distinction between specialized retail sale (groups 472 to 477) and non-specialized retail sale (group 471). The above groups are further subdivided by the range of products sold. Sale not via stores is subdivided according to the forms of trade, such as retail sale via stalls and markets (group 478) and other non-store retail sale, e.g. mail order, door-to-door, by vending machines etc. (group 479).

    The goods sold in this division are limited to goods usually referred to as consumer goods or retail goods. Therefore goods not usually entering the retail trade, such as cereal grains, ores, industrial machinery etc., are excluded. This division also includes units engaged primarily in selling to the general public, from displayed goods, products such as personal computers, stationery, paint or timber, although these sales may not be for personal or household use. Some processing of goods may be involved, but only incidental to selling, e.g. sorting or repackaging of goods, installation of a domestic appliance etc.

    This division also includes the retail sale by commission agents and activities of retail auctioning houses.

    This division excludes:
    ~ sale of farmers' products by farmers, see division 01
    ~ manufacture and sale of goods, which is generally classified as MANUFACTURING in divisions 10-32
    ~ sale of motor vehicles, motorcycles and their parts, see division 45
    ~ trade in cereal grains, ores, crude petroleum, industrial chemicals, iron and steel and industrial machinery and equipment, see division 46
    ~ sale of food and drinks for consumption on the premises and sale of takeaway food, see division 56
    ~ renting of personal and household goods to the general public, see group 772

  • Section B
    Mining and quarrying
    This section includes the extraction of minerals occurring naturally as solids (coal and ores), liquids (petroleum) or gases (natural gas). Extraction can be achieved by different methods such as underground or surface mining, well operation, seabed mining etc.
    This section also includes supplementary activities aimed at preparing the crude materials for marketing, for example, crushing, grinding, cleaning, drying, sorting, concentrating ores, liquefaction of natural gas and agglomeration of solid fuels. These operations are often carried out by the units that extracted the resource and/or others located nearby.
    Mining activities are classified into divisions, groups and classes on the basis of the principal mineral produced. Divisions 05, 06 are concerned with mining and quarrying of fossil fuels (coal, lignite, petroleum, gas); divisions 07, 08 concern metal ores, various minerals and quarry products.
    Some of the technical operations of this section, particularly related to the extraction of hydrocarbons, may also be carried out for third parties by specialized units as an industrial service, which is reflected in division 09.

    This section excludes the processing of the extracted materials (see section C - Manufacturing), which also covers the bottling of natural spring and mineral waters at springs and wells (see class 1104) or the crushing, grinding or otherwise treating certain earths, rocks and minerals not carried out in conjunction with mining and quarrying (see class 2399). This section also excludes the usage of the extracted materials without a further transformation for construction purposes (see section F - Construction), the collection, purification and distribution of water (see class 3600), separate site preparation activities for mining (see class 4312) and geophysical, geologic and seismic surveying activities (see class 7110).

  • Section C
    Manufacturing
    This section includes the physical or chemical transformation of materials, substances, or components into new products, although this cannot be used as the single universal criterion for defining MANUFACTURING (see remark on processing of waste below). The materials, substances, or components transformed are raw materials that are products of agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining or quarrying as well as products of other MANUFACTURING activities. Substantial alteration, renovation or reconstruction of goods is generally considered to be MANUFACTURING.

    Units engaged in MANUFACTURING are often described as plants, factories or mills and characteristically use power-driven machines and materials-handling equipment. However, units that transform materials or substances into new products by hand or in the worker's home and those engaged in selling to the general public of products made on the same premises from which they are sold, such as bakeries and custom tailors, are also included in this section. Manufacturing units may process materials or may contract with other units to process their materials for them. Both types of units are included in MANUFACTURING.

    The output of a MANUFACTURING process may be finished in the sense that it is ready for utilization or consumption, or it may be semi-finished in the sense that it is to become an input for further MANUFACTURING. For example, the output of alumina refining is the input used in the primary production of aluminium; primary aluminium is the input to aluminium wire drawing; and aluminium wire is the input for the manufacture of fabricated wire products.

    Manufacture of specialized components and parts of, and accessories and attachments to, machinery and equipment is, as a general rule, classified in the same class as the manufacture of the machinery and equipment for which the parts and accessories are intended. Manufacture of unspecialized components and parts of machinery and equipment, e.g. engines, pistons, electric motors, electrical assemblies, valves, gears, roller bearings, is classified in the appropriate class of MANUFACTURING, without regard to the machinery and equipment in which these items may be included. However, making specialized components and accessories by moulding or extruding plastics materials is included in class 2220.

    Assembly of the component parts of manufactured products is considered MANUFACTURING. This includes the assembly of manufactured products from either self-produced or purchased components.

    The recovery of waste, i.e. the processing of waste into secondary raw materials is classified in class 3830 (Materials recovery). While this may involve physical or chemical transformations, this is not considered to be a part of MANUFACTURING. The primary purpose of these activities is considered to be the treatment or processing of waste and they are therefore classified in Section E (Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities). However, the manufacture of new final products (as opposed to secondary raw materials) is classified in MANUFACTURING, even if these processes use waste as an input. For example, the production of silver from film waste is considered to be a MANUFACTURING process.

    Specialized maintenance and repair of industrial, commercial and similar machinery and equipment is, in general, classified in division 33 (Repair, maintenance and installation of machinery and equipment). However, the repair of computers and personal and household goods is classified in division 95 (Repair of computers and personal and household goods), while the repair of motor vehicles is classified in division 45 (Wholesale and retail trade and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles).

    The installation of machinery and equipment, when carried out as a specialized activity, is classified in 3320.

    Remark: The boundaries of MANUFACTURING and the other sectors of the classification system can be somewhat blurry.

  • Section I
    Accommodation and food service activities
    This section includes the provision of short-stay accommodation for visitors and other travellers and the provision of complete meals and drinks fit for immediate consumption. The amount and type of supplementary services provided within this section can vary widely.

    This section excludes the provision of long-term accommodation as primary residences, which is classified in Real estate activities (section L). Also excluded is the preparation of food or drinks that are either not fit for immediate consumption or that are sold through independent distribution channels, i.e. through wholesale or retail trade activities. The preparation of these foods is classified in Manufacturing (section C).

  • Section F
    Construction
    This section includes general construction and specialized construction activities for buildings and civil engineering works. It includes new work, repair, additions and alterations, the erection of prefabricated buildings or structures on the site and also construction of a temporary nature.

    General construction is the construction of entire dwellings, office buildings, stores and other public and utility buildings, farm buildings etc., or the construction of civil engineering works such as motorways, streets, bridges, tunnels, railways, airfields, harbours and other water projects, irrigation systems, sewerage systems, industrial facilities, pipelines and electric lines, sports facilities etc.

    This work can be carried out on own account or on a fee or contract basis. Portions of the work and sometimes even the whole practical work can be subcontracted out. A unit that carries the overall responsibility for a construction project is classified here.

    Also included is the repair of buildings and engineering works.

    This section includes the complete construction of buildings (division 41), the complete construction of civil engineering works (division 42), as well as specialized construction activities, if carried out only as a part of the construction process (division 43).

    The renting of construction equipment with operator is classified with the specific construction activity carried out with this equipment.

    This section also includes the development of building projects for buildings or civil engineering works by bringing together financial, technical and physical means to realize the construction projects for later sale. If these activities are carried out not for later sale of the construction projects, but for their operation (e.g. renting of space in these buildings, MANUFACTURING activities in these plants), the unit would not be classified here, but according to its operational activity, i.e. real estate, MANUFACTURING etc.

  • Section G
    Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles
    This section includes wholesale and retail sale (i.e. sale without transformation) of any type of goods and the rendering of services incidental to the sale of these goods. Wholesaling and retailing are the final steps in the distribution of goods. Goods bought and sold are also referred to as merchandise.

    Also included in this section are the repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles.

    Sale without transformation is considered to include the usual operations (or manipulations) associated with trade, for example sorting, grading and assembling of goods, mixing (blending) of goods (for example sand), bottling (with or without preceding bottle cleaning), packing, breaking bulk and repacking for distribution in smaller lots, storage (whether or not frozen or chilled), cleaning and drying of agricultural products, cutting out of wood fibreboards or metal sheets as secondary activities.

    Division 45 includes all activities related to the sale and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles, while divisions 46 and 47 include all other sale activities. The distinction between division 46 (wholesale) and division 47 (retail sale) is based on the predominant type of customer.

    Wholesale is the resale (sale without transformation) of new and used goods to retailers, to industrial, commercial, institutional or professional users, or to other wholesalers, or involves acting as an agent or broker in buying goods for, or selling goods to, such persons or companies. The principal types of businesses included are merchant wholesalers, i.e. wholesalers who take title to the goods they sell, such as wholesale merchants or jobbers, industrial distributors, exporters, importers, and cooperative buying associations, sales branches and sales offices (but not retail stores) that are maintained by MANUFACTURING or mining units apart from their plants or mines for the purpose of marketing their products and that do not merely take orders to be filled by direct shipments from the plants or mines. Also included are merchandise brokers, commission merchants and agents and assemblers, buyers and cooperative associations engaged in the marketing of farm products. Wholesalers frequently physically assemble, sort and grade goods in large lots, break bulk, repack and redistribute in smaller lots, for example pharmaceuticals; store, refrigerate, deliver and install goods, engage in sales promotion for their customers and label design.

    Retailing is the resale (sale without transformation) of new and used goods mainly to the general public for personal or household consumption or utilization, by shops, department stores, stalls, mail-order houses, door-to-door sales persons, hawkers and peddlers, consumer cooperatives, auction houses etc. Most retailers take title to the goods they sell, but some act as agents for a principal and sell either on consignment or on a commission basis.